Nursing 13
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Nursing 13 - Details
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| 🇬🇧 | 🇬🇧 |
| Define the Digestive System | - The digestive system is a body cavity - The digestive system is a tube that mechanically and chemically breaks down food - breaks down food into small particles which are absorbed by the internal environment - interacts with other organ systems to help maintain homeostasis |
| What are the four abdominal quadrants? | 1. Right upper quadrant 2. Left Upper quadrant 3. Right Lower quadrant 4. Left Lower quadrant |
| What organs can be found in the right upper quadrant? | - Liver - Gallbladder -Duodenum - Head of pancreas - Right Kidney and Adrenal gland - Part of transverse and ascending colon |
| What organs can be found in the left upper quadrant? | - stomach - spleen - Left lobe of liver - body of pancreas - Left kidney and adrenal gland - parts of transverse and descending colon |
| What organs are found in the right lower quadrant? | - Caecum - Appendix - right ovary and tube - right ureter |
| What organs are found in the left lower quadrant? | - part of the descending colon - sigmoid colon - left ovary and tube - left ureter |
| What makes up the Peritoneal Cavity? | 1. Pariteal Peritoneum 2. Visceral Peritoneum 3. Fluid |
| What is the Peritoneum? | The peritoneum is a serous membrane. includes 2 portions |
| What makes of the Peritoneum? | 1. Visceral Peritoneum 2. Parietal Peritoneum |
| Define the function of the Visceral Peritoneum? | Surrounds the digestive organs. - protection |
| Define the function of the Parietal Peritoneum? | Lines the body wall - protection |
| Define Mesentary | Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum and is in charge of holding organs in place, stores fat, and provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves. |
| Where can Ventral Mesentaries be found? | Ventral mesentery can be found covering portions of our esophagus, the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum, the liver. - growth of the liver divides the ventral mesentery into 2 portions |
| On the liver, what does the ventral mesetery divide into | 1. Falciform ligament 2. Lesser omentum |
| Define the Falciform Ligament | The falciform ligament binds the anterior part of the liver to the anterior portion of the abdominal wall. Separates the right and left love of the liver |
| Define the Lesser Omentum | The lesser omentum is a 2 layered fold of peritoneum which attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach |
| Where can Dorsal mesenteries be found? | Dorsal mesentery forms the greater omentum, covers our colon area, etc. |
| What are example of Dorsal Mesentaries? | 1. Greater omentum 2. Transverse mesocolon 3. Sigmoid mesocolon |
| Define the greater omentum | The greater omentum is 4 layered and connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior portion of the abdominal wall. - hangs like an apron in front of small intestine - is folded back and attaches to transverse colon |
| Define the Transverse mesocolon | The transverse mesocolon holds the transverse colon in place |
| Define the Sigmoid mesocolon | The sigmoid mesocolon connects the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvic wall |
| Name the organ | Ascending colon |
| Name the organ | Transverse colon |
| Name the structure | Lesser omentum (part of dorsal mesentery) |
| Name structure | Portion of greater omentum |
| Name structure | Transverse mesocolon |
| Name organ | Descending colon |
| Name organ | Small intestine |
| Name organ | Sigmoid colon |
| Name structure | Mesentery proper or mesenterial sheet |
| Name structure | Mesocolon of both ascending and descending colons fused together with the dorsal peritoneum. |
| Name organ | Liver |
| Name structure | Lesser omentum |
| Name organ | Stomach |
| Name structure | Mesocolon |
| Name organs | Blue represents the duodenum green represents the Jejunum |
| Name organ | Transverse colon |
| Name structure | Greater omentum |
| Name structure | Parietal peritoneum |
| Name structure | Mesentery proper |
| Name structure | Visceral peritoneum |
| Name structure | Peritoneal cavity |
| Name organ | Liver |
| Name structure | Lesser omentum |
| Name organ | Pancreas |
| Name structure | Falciform ligament |
| Name organ | Stomach |
| Name organ | Duodenum |
| Name structure | Transverse mesocolon |
| Name organ | Transverse colon |
| Name structure | Mesentery |
| Name structure | Greater Omentum |
| Name organ | Jejunum |
| Name organ | Ileum |
| Name structure | Visceral Peritoneum |
| Name structue | Parietal Peritoneum |
| Name organs | Blue: urinary bladder green: Rectum |
| What muscle is used for the digestion process? | Smooth muscle |
| Where can smooth muscle tissue be found (in terms of the digestive system) | Smooth muscle is primarily found in the walls of Viscera |
| What are characteristics of smooth muscle tissue? | Fibers are elongated One centrally located nucleus Grouped into sheets - creates a longitudinal and circular layer |
| Name structures (both blue and green region) | Blue region: Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle green region: Circular layer of smooth muscle |
| What is the function of the Longitudinal layer? | The longitudinal layer causes organ dilation and shortening |
| What is the function of the circular layer? | The circular layer causes organ constriction and elongation |
| What innervates the smooth muscle? | Autonomic nervous system fibers - sympathetic motor fibers -parasympathetic motor fibers - Visceral sensory fibers |
| Name structure covered | Autonomic nerve fibers in smooth muscle |
| Name structure covered | Varicosities |
| Define Varicosities | Release their neurotransmitters into a wide synaptic cleft. |
| What stimulates contraction? | Entry of Calcium into the Sarcoplasm stimulates contraction |
| What is the process of contraction? | 1. Calcium enters the sarcoplasm from the sarcoplasm reticulum or extracellular fluid and makes it way to the cytosol. 2. Calcium binds and activates calmodulin 3. The activated calmodulin activates the kinase enzymes 4. Kinase enzymes catalyze transfer of phosphate to myosin 5. Activated myosin forms cross bridges with actin of the thin filaments and shortening begin. |
| Is smooth muscle contraction fast or slow? | Contraction is slow and sustained - takes 30x longer to contract and relax - resistant to fatigue -energy requirements are low (so mitochondria is not abundant) |
| Where are contractions over long periods needed? | Smooth muscle of arteries and visceral organs must sustain contraction over long periods. |
| Smooth muscle fibers contract or relax in response to.... | - action potentials from ANS - stretching -hormones -changes in pH, oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, tempature |
| Name the structure covered | Intermediate filament bundles - thick filaments (myosin) - thin filaments (actin) |
| Name structure covered | Dense Bodies |
| Define Dense bodies | Dense bodies function the same way as Z discs. During contraction, sliding myofilaments shorten the muscle cell by pulling on the dense bodies and overall the cytoskeleton. Causes a squeezing movement |
| Name structure covered | Caveolae |
| Define Myenteric Nerve Plexus | A nerve plexus situated in the muscular layers of the intestines |
| Where is the myenteric nerve plexus? | Myenteric nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscularis. |
| What is the function of the Myenteric Nerve Plexus | Controls peristalsis and segmentation - mainly controls GI motility (increases number and speed of contractions) |
| Name the structure | Myenteric nerve plexus |
| Where is the Submucosal nerve plexus found? | Lies in the submucosa of the intestinal wall and is derived from the myenteric plexus. |
| What is the function of the submucosal nerve plexus? | Signals glands to secrete. - helps control intestinal secretion, absorption, blood flow, and local contraction. |
| Name structure | Submucosal nerve plexus |
| What are the steps of the Digestive Process? | Ingestion Digestion - Mechanical Digestion - Chemical Digestion Absorption Elimination/Defecation |
| Describe Ingestion | Occurs in the mouth, intake of food. |
| How does dood move through the digestive tract? | Through peristalsis (and propulsion) |
| Define Peristalsis | Peristalsis is the major means of propulsion/movement of food. Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food along the tract distally. |
| What action does the image show? | The picture shoes food or bolus being moved through contractions and relaxations Peristalsis |
| What is Mechanical Digestion? | Mechanical digestion describes chewing (mastication), stomach churning, and segmentation. Prepares food for chemical digestion |
| Define segmentation | Segmentation is rhythmic local constrictions of intestine. Mixes food with digestive juices. Nonadjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food forward then backward. Food is mixed and slowly propelled. |
| What is Chemical Digestion? | Chemical digestion occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Chemical digestion is where complex molecules are broken down into chemical components. ex: our saliva helps break down food. |
| Define absorption | Absorption is the transport of digestion nutrients into the blood. |
| Define Defecation | Also known as elimination, the elimination of indigestible substances as feces |
| What is found in the Mucosa Layer? | A. Epitheliunmn b. Lamina Propia c. Lymphatic vessel d. Muscularis mucosae |
| What occurs in the epithelium of the Mucosa layer? | - exocrine cells and glands secrete digestive juices (enzymes) and (from goblet cells) mucous - endocrine cells and glands secrete hormone into blood stream |
| Define Lamina Propia | Lose to dense connective tissue contains numerous blood and lymphatic capillaries |
| Define Muscularis Mucosae | A thin layer of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle, maintains tone when tube is empty. Stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. |
| What is found in the submucosa layer? | Submucosal nerve plexus |
| What is found in the Muscularis Externa Layer? | A. oblique muscle b. circular smooth muscle c. longitudinal smooth muscle |
| Responsibility of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle? | Responsible for peristalsis |